Pine Island Sound Aquatic Preserve

Mollusk reefs, perhaps the most affected natural habitat type in CHAP, are expansive concentrations of sessile mollusks (usually the Eastern oyster in Florida) occurring in intertidal and subtidal zones to a depth of 40 feet, and are typically referred to as oyster reefs or oyster beds. Oyster reef habitat provides numerous ecosystem services: They are essential fish habitat, bio-assimilate nutrients, filter water, reduce turbidity and stabilize shorelines among numerous other functions. Tolley, Volety and Savarese (2005) studied the resident communities of oyster reefs in the Caloosahatchee estuary and identified 10 species of decapods and 16 species of fish living on the oyster reef. At least 90 percent of oyster reef habitat in the Charlotte Harbor region is estimated to have been lost as a result of dredging, mining for road beds, hydrologic changes and harvest (Boswell, Ott, Birch, & Cobb, 2012). Natural predators impacting mollusk reefs within CHAP include stone crabs, blue crabs, oyster drills (Stramonita haemastoma), sheepshead (Archosargus probatocephalus), black drum (Pogonias cromis) and other fishes and invertebrates. The relative abundance (0.1 percent) of oyster reef is low throughout CHAP.

Salt marshes occur in the portion of the coastal zone affected by tides and seawater but are protected from large waves either by the broad, gently sloping topography of the shore, by a barrier island, or by location along a bay or estuary. The width of the intertidal zone depends on the slope of the shore and the tidal range. Salt marshes may have distinct zones of vegetation, each dominated by a single species of grass or rush. Flooding frequency and soil salinity are the two major environmental factors that influence salt marsh vegetation; saltgrass (Distichlis spicata), needle rush (Juncus spp.) and saltmarsh cordgrass (Spartina alterniflora) all tolerate a wide range of salinities. Cordgrass is found where the marsh is flooded almost daily, whereas needle rush and saltgrass are found where the marsh is flooded less frequently. In Charlotte Harbor, as in all of South Florida, salt marshes generally serve as a transitional zone between mangroves and freshwater marshes. Salt marshes are present in CHAP but are found only in Lemon Bay, Gasparilla Sound-Charlotte Harbor and Pine Island Sound aquatic preserves. Mangroves typically outcompete salt marsh vegetation in the estuaries of Southwest Florida.

Mangrove swamps are dense, low forests occurring along relatively flat, intertidal and supratidal shorelines of low wave energy along southern Florida. Four species of trees are naturally found in mangrove swamps: red mangrove, white mangrove (Laguncularia racemosa), black mangrove (Avicennia germinans) and buttonwood (Conocarpus erectus). Birds utilize mangrove swamps as nesting habitat and fish use their roots as nursery grounds and as protection from predators. Mangroves also stabilize substrates and shorelines. More than 5% of CHAP is composed of mangrove swamp, including most of the CHAP shoreline. Threats to mangrove habitat include wide-spread trimming and removal, conversion to hardened shorelines, non-native vegetation and sea level rise. Coastal development including sea walls contributes to the loss of the mangrove shoreline and is most apparent in Lemon Bay Aquatic Preserve. Natural events such as hurricanes also can affect mangrove swamps, including Hurricane Charley which caused degradation of mangroves throughout CHAP in 2004. Although some mangrove islands were totally lost, most areas have recovered. Brazilian pepper (Schinus terebinthifolius), carrotwood (Cupaniopsis anacardioides) and seaside mahoe (Thespesia populnea) are three invasive non-native species that can be found within mangrove swamps. Red mangroves have been designated as an essential feature of sawfish critical habitat.

Seagrass beds are the most abundant vegetated habitat type in CHAP. Seagrasses are not true grasses but are flowering plants (angiosperms) that live underwater. Like land plants, seagrasses produce oxygen and store carbon, which are two important functions. The depth at which seagrasses are found is limited by water clarity because they require sunlight; each species has specific light requirements, allowing some to grow deeper than others. Seagrasses are a sensitive indicator of water quality and pollution in shallow coastal areas as they are vulnerable to various forms of anthropogenic stress. Seagrasses are also susceptible to scarring from boat propellers, anchors and trawls. While seagrasses will recolonize areas when water quality is good and disturbances are removed, re-vegetation of scarred areas may require many years. Recurring disturbances such as prop scarring and dredging can result in permanent seagrass loss.

Seagrass beds make up around 50% of the natural communities in each of the aquatic preserves except Gasparilla Sound-Charlotte Harbor Aquatic Preserve, which is characterized by much deeper water. Eighty percent of the seagrass beds in CHAP are mapped as continuous, while the rest are discontinuous or patchy. Continuous seagrass beds are characterized by a uniform signature on aerial photos with only small sandy-bottom patches (less than one-quarter acre) within the bed; discontinuous or patchy seagrass beds are areas with isolated patches of seagrass interspersed with open bottom.

Seagrass communities occur in subtidal (rarely intertidal) zones in clear coastal waters where wave energy is moderate. Aquatic preserve personnel monitor six seagrass species within CHAP: turtle grass, manatee grass (Syringodium filiforme), shoal grass, star grass (Halophila engelmannii), paddle grass (Halophila decipiens) and widgeon grass (Ruppia maritima); the salinity tolerance of the species varies and along with light availability dictates where each will be found. Listed species such as the state and federally endangered Florida manatee, Atlantic green turtle (Chelonia mydas), Atlantic hawksbill turtle (Eretmochelys imbricata), and the state and federally listed threatened Atlantic loggerhead turtle (Caretta caretta) all rely on seagrass bed communities. Together, seagrasses and their epiphytes serve as important food sources and nursery areas to a myriad of species. Often, numerous species of epiphytic algae, egg casings and invertebrates attach to the seagrass leaf blades.

Sponge beds are characterized as dense populations of sponges. Although concentrations of living sponges can occur in marine and estuarine intertidal zones, sponge beds are confined primarily to subtidal zones. There are no currently mapped sponge beds in CHAP. Individual sponges occur sporadically throughout CHAP, and sponge beds may be present.

Unconsolidated substrates are expansive, relatively open areas of subtidal, intertidal and supratidal unsolidified materials that lack dense populations of sessile plant and animal species. This community may support a large population of infaunal organisms as well as a variety of transient planktonic and pelagic organisms. Furthermore, according to Schmid, unvegetated bottom with colonies of sessile invertebrates such as tube worms, tunicates, bryozoans and sponges (i.e., live bottom) has been identified as essential foraging habitat for the endangered Kemp’s ridley turtle (Lepidochelys kempii) in the coastal waters of west Florida.

This community is known to make up most of the unclassified submerged bottom areas within CHAP. It is found not only in deeper waters such as channels but also in some of the shallowest and intertidal portions of the bay, where seagrasses are not found. The only mapped areas of unconsolidated substrate are tidal flats - areas of sand or mud that are unvegetated and cycle between being submerged and exposed with the change in tides.

Tidal flats make up less than 5% of CHAP. During daylight hours, tidal flats serve as a primary feeding ground for numerous species of shorebirds and wading birds. During the night, fish, crabs and shrimp become the major consumers. Primary producers of mudflats include diatoms, dinoflagellates, filamentous green algae and blue-green algae. While these areas can appear relatively barren, the densities of infaunal organisms in subtidal zones can reach the tens of thousands per square meter, making these areas important feeding grounds for many bottom-feeding fish.

Consolidated substrates are mineral-based natural communities generally characterized as expansive, relatively open areas of subtidal, intertidal and supratidal zones that lack dense populations of sessile plant and animal species. Consolidated substrates are solidified rock or shell conglomerates and include coquina, limerock or relic mollusk reef materials. These communities may be sparsely inhabited by sessile, planktonic, epifaunal, and pelagic plants and animals but house few infaunal organisms (i.e., animals living within the substrate). Consolidated substrates are important in that they form the foundation for the development of other marine and estuarine natural communities when environmental conditions are appropriate. Consolidated substrates are not mapped in CHAP, but small localized areas are known and include areas along the eastern shoreline of Charlotte Harbor including Alligator Creek and Pirate Harbor.